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astronomical tower

  • 1 astronomical tower

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > astronomical tower

  • 2 astronomical tower

    English-russian dictionary of physics > astronomical tower

  • 3 астрономическая башня

    Русско-английский физический словарь > астрономическая башня

  • 4 астрономическая башня

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > астрономическая башня

  • 5 башня для астрономических наблюдений

    tower for astronomical observations

    Русско-английский синонимический словарь > башня для астрономических наблюдений

  • 6 Zhang Sixun (Chang Ssu-Hsun)

    SUBJECT AREA: Horology
    [br]
    b. fl. late 10th century
    [br]
    Chinese astronomer and clockmaker who built the earliest recorded astronomical clock tower with a hydromechanical escapement.
    [br]
    Most clepsydra clocks, such as that of al-Jarazi, measured time continuously by the constant flow of a liquid and most mechanical clocks measure time discontinuously by means of an escapement. The clepsydra clock devised by Zhang Sixun in 976 and completed in 979 was unusual as it incorporated an escapement. It consisted of a large wheel with buckets around its periphery. A constant stream of water was directed into one of the buckets until it reached a predetermined weight, this released the wheel, allowing it to rotate to a new position where the process was repeated (this mechanism may have been introduced by the Chinese astronomer and mathematician Zhang Heng in the second century). The water was later replaced by mercury to prevent freezing in winter. With suitable gearing the movement of the wheel was used to drive a celestial globe, a carousel for written time announcements and jacks for audible time signals. This clock has not survived and is known only from the work Hsin I Hsiang Fa Yao (New Armillary Sphere and Celestial Globe System Essentials), which was printed in 1172 and is ascribed to Su Song. This work also describes two similar but later astronomical clock towers with water-wheel escape-ments. Several models of the water-wheel escapement have been constructed from the description in this work.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    J.Needham (ed.), 1965, Science and Civilisation in China Vol. IV.2, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 38, 111, 165, 463, 469–71, 490, 524, 527–8, 533, 540.
    J.H.Combridge, 1975, "The astronomical clocktowers of Chang Ssu-Hsun and his successors, A.D. 976 to 1126", Antiquarian Horology 9: 288–301.
    J.Needham, Wang Ling and J.de Solla Price, 1986, Heavenly Clockwork. The Great Astronomical Clocks of Medieval China (2nd edn with supplement by J.H.Combridge), London (for a broader view of Chinese horology).
    J.H.Combridge, 1979, "Clockmaking in China", in The Country Life International Dictionary of Clocks, ed. Alan Smith, London.
    DV

    Biographical history of technology > Zhang Sixun (Chang Ssu-Hsun)

  • 7 orologio

    m (pl -gi) clock
    portatile watch
    orologio a cucù cuckoo clock
    orologio da polso wristwatch
    orologio da tasca pocket watch
    orologio subacqueo waterproof watch
    * * *
    orologio s.m.
    1 ( tascabile, da polso) watch; (da muro ecc.) clock: caricare un orologio, to wind (up) a clock, a watch; regolare un orologio, to regulate a clock, a watch; l'orologio si è fermato, the clock, the watch has stopped; il mio orologio è avanti, indietro di tre minuti, my watch is three minutes fast, slow; il tuo orologio va avanti, indietro cinque minuti al giorno, your watch gains, loses five minutes a day; l'orologio del campanile suona le ore e le mezze ore, the clock on the tower strikes the hours and (the) half-hours // un'ora d'orologio, a whole hour: ti ho aspettato per un'ora d'orologio!, I have waited a whole hour for you! // è un orologio, (fig.) ( di congegno) it runs like clockwork; ( di persona puntuale) he is always on the dot // stare con l'orologio in mano, (fig.) to be a stickler for punctuality // cassa dell'orologio, watchcase // orologio da polso, wrist-watch; orologio da tavolo, table-clock; orologio da tasca, pocket watch; orologio sveglia, alarm clock; orologio elettrico, electric watch, clock; orologio digitale, digital watch, clock; orologio al quarzo, quartz watch, clock; orologio subacqueo, impermeabile, waterproof watch; orologio a pendolo, pendulum-clock; orologio a polvere, hourglass; orologio ad acqua, water-clock; orologio a carica automatica, self-winding watch; orologio a cronometro, timer (o timepiece); orologio a ripetizione, repeating clock; orologio a carillon, chiming-clock; orologio solare, sundial; orologio astronomico, astronomical clock; orologio di controllo con timbratura, time-clock
    2 (inform.) clock, timer: orologio pilota, master clock
    3 (zool.): orologio dei coloni → kookaburra; orologio della morte, ( Atropos pulsatorium) deathwatch (beetle).
    * * *
    pl. -gi [oro'lɔdʒo, dʒi] sostantivo maschile clock; (da polso) (wrist)watch

    il mio orologio va avanti, indietro — my watch is fast, slow

    un'ora d'orologio — one hour by the clock, a whole hour, exactly one hour

    orologio automatico — automatic clock, watch

    orologio biologico — biol. biological o body clock

    orologio digitale — digital clock, watch

    orologio marcatempo o marcatore punch o time clock; orologio a o da muro wall clock; orologio a pendolo grandfather clock; orologio di precisione precision watch; orologio al quarzo quartz clock, watch; orologio solare sundial; orologio subacqueo waterproof watch; orologio a sveglia alarm clock; orologio da tasca — pocket o fob watch

    ••
    * * *
    orologio
    pl. -gi /oro'lɔdʒo, dʒi/
    sostantivo m.
    clock; (da polso) (wrist)watch; torre dell'orologio clock tower; il mio orologio va avanti, indietro my watch is fast, slow; il mio orologio fa le sei by my watch it is six o'clock; un'ora d'orologio one hour by the clock, a whole hour, exactly one hour; con la precisione di un orologio with clockwork precision
    \
    essere preciso come un orologio to be as regular as clockwork
    \
    orologio ad acqua water clock; orologio automatico automatic clock, watch; orologio biologico biol. biological o body clock; orologio a cucù cuckoo clock; orologio digitale digital clock, watch; orologio marcatempo o marcatore punch o time clock; orologio a o da muro wall clock; orologio a pendolo grandfather clock; orologio di precisione precision watch; orologio al quarzo quartz clock, watch; orologio solare sundial; orologio subacqueo waterproof watch; orologio a sveglia alarm clock; orologio da tasca pocket o fob watch.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > orologio

  • 8 osservazione

    f observation
    ( affermazione) remark, observation
    * * *
    1 observation: osservazione astronomica, astronomical observation; posto d'osservazione, observation post (o lookout post); torre di osservazione, observation tower; avere capacità, spirito di osservazione, to have powers, a spirit of observation; (med.) il malato è in osservazione, the patient is being kept under observation; (med.) mettere qlcu. in osservazione, to put s.o. under observation
    2 ( nota, giudizio) observation, comment, remark: approvò il mio lavoro senza osservazioni, he passed my work without any comment (o a word); vi sono delle osservazioni assai acute nel tuo tema, there are some very keen observations (o comments) in your composition; fare un'osservazione, to make a comment; permettersi un'osservazione, to venture a remark; ho messo alcune osservazioni a margine del tuo testo, I have written some comments in the margin of your text
    3 ( rimprovero) reproach, criticism: fare delle osservazioni a qlcu., to criticize s.o.; non voglio farmi fare delle osservazioni per colpa vostra, I don't want to be criticized because of you.
    * * *
    [osservat'tsjone]
    sostantivo femminile
    1) (analisi, esame) observation
    2) med. (controllo) observation
    3) (considerazione) observation (su about, on), remark (su about); (rimprovero) reproach (su to)

    fare un'osservazione a qcn. — to reproach sb

    * * *
    osservazione
    /osservat'tsjone/
    sostantivo f.
     1 (analisi, esame) observation; spirito di osservazione power of observation
     2 med. (controllo) observation; sotto osservazione under observation
     3 (considerazione) observation (su about, on), remark (su about); (rimprovero) reproach (su to); fare un'osservazione to make an observation; fare un'osservazione a qcn. to reproach sb.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > osservazione

  • 9 телескоп

    telescope
    телескоп визуального слежения
    tracking telescope
    телескоп для выбора места обсерватории
    site telescope
    телескоп для исследований звезд
    stellar telescope
    телескоп для регистрации космических лучей
    cosmic-ray telescope
    телескоп для слежения за ИСЗ
    satellite-tracking telescope
    телескоп для фотометрических исследований
    photometric telescope
    телескоп-искатель
    finder
    телескоп Максутова
    Maksutov telescope
    телескоп на азимутальной установке
    altazimuth telescope
    телескоп на асимметричной установке
    asymmetrical(-class) telescope
    телескоп на вилочной монтировке
    fork(-mounted) telescope
    телескоп на симметричной установке
    symmetrical(-class) telescope
    телескоп на экваториальной установке телескоп оборачивающий изображение
    inverting telescope
    телескоп прямого зрения
    front view telescope
    телескоп -рефлектор
    1.catoptric telescope 2.mirror telescope 3.reflecting telescope 4.reflector
    телескоп -рефрактор
    1.dioptric telescope 2.lens telescope 3.refracting telescope 4.refractor
    телескоп с дистанционным управлением
    remotely controlled telescope
    телескоп системы Гершеля-Ломоносова
    Herschelian telescope
    телескоп системы Грегори
    Gregorian reflecting telescope
    телескоп системы Кассегрена
    Cassegrain telescope
    телескоп системы Кудэ
    Coude telescope
    телескоп системы Ричи-Кретьена
    Richey Cretion telescope
    телескоп системы Шмидта
    Schmidt telescope
    телескоп с лунно-планетным приводом
    dual-rate telescope
    телескоп с малой светосилой
    1.low-power telescope 2.small-aperture telescope
    телескоп с параболическим зеркалом
    parabolic telescope
    телескоп с приемником инфракрасного излучения
    infrared telescope
    телескоп средних размеров
    moderate telescope
    телескоп счетчиков
    counter telescope
    телескоп умеренной светосилы
    1.telescope of intermediate aperture 2.telescope of moderate power
    телескоп Уолтера телескоп установленный на воздушном шаре
    balloon-borne telescope
    апланатический телескоп
    aplanatic telescope
    астрометрический телескоп
    astrometric telescope
    астронавигационный телескоп
    star-tracking telescope
    астрофизический телескоп
    research telescope
    башенный телескоп
    tower telescope
    большой телескоп
    great telescope
    большой зеркальный телескоп
    large reflector
    визуальный телескоп
    1.astronomical telescope 2.visual telescope
    воздушный телескоп
    aerial telescope
    вспомогательный телескоп
    auxiliary telescope
    вспомогательный телескоп для ведения основного
    telescope monitor
    горизонтальный телескоп
    horizontal telescope
    горизонтальный солнечный телескоп
    horizontal solar telescope
    длиннофокусный телескоп
    long-focus telescope
    зеркально-линзовый телескоп
    mirror-lens telescope
    зеркальный телескоп
    catoptric telescope
    идеальный телескоп
    ideal telescope
    инфракрасный электронный телескоп
    infrared electronic telescope
    катадиоптрический телескоп
    catadioptric telescope
    кеплеровский телескоп
    Keplerian telescope
    коленчатый телескоп
    elbow telescope
    коллиматорный телескоп
    collimating telescope
    короткофокусный телескоп
    telescope of short focal length
    космический телескоп
    space telescope
    космический телескоп Хаббла
    Hubble Space Telescope (HST)
    крупный телескоп
    large telescope
    любительский телескоп
    amauter telescope
    малый телескоп
    small telescope
    менисковый телескоп
    meniscus telescope
    меридианный телескоп
    transit telescope
    мощный телескоп
    powerfull telescope
    наземный телескоп
    ground-based telescope
    нейтринный телескоп
    neutrino telescope
    ньютоновский телескоп
    Newtonian telescope
    обычный шмидтовский телескоп
    air Schmidt
    оптический телескоп
    optical telescope
    основной телескоп
    main telescope
    планетный телескоп
    planetary telescope
    полярный телескоп
    1.polar telescope 2.Polaris instrument
    радио-телескоп
    radio telescope
    рентгеновский телескоп
    X-ray telescope
    светосильный телескоп
    1.fast telescope 2.high-power telescope 3.large-aperture telescope
    симметричный телескоп Кассегрена
    symmetrical Cassegrain
    следящий телескоп
    1.star telescope (of astronavigational system) 2.tracking (for moving objects) telescope
    солнечный телескоп
    solar telescope
    спутниковый телескоп
    artificial Earth’s satellite tracking telescope
    хорошо оснащенный телескоп
    well-instrumented telescope
    хромосферный телескоп
    chromospheric telescope
    зенит-телескоп
    zenith telescope

    Русско-английский астрономический словарь > телескоп

  • 10 Galilei, Galileo

    [br]
    b. 15 February 1564 Pisa, Italy
    d. 8 January 1642 Arcetri, near Florence, Italy
    [br]
    Italian mathematician, astronomer and physicist who established the principle of the pendulum and was first to exploit the telescope.
    [br]
    Galileo began studying medicine at the University of Pisa but soon turned to his real interests, mathematics, mechanics and astronomy. He became Professor of Mathematics at Pisa at the age of 25 and three years later moved to Padua. In 1610 he transferred to Florence. While still a student he discovered the isochronous property of the pendulum, probably by timing with his pulse the swings of a hanging lamp during a religious ceremony in Pisa Cathedral. He later designed a pendulum-controlled clock, but it was not constructed until after his death, and then not successfully; the first successful pendulum clock was made by the Dutch scientist Christiaan Huygens in 1656. Around 1590 Galileo established the laws of motion of falling bodies, by timing rolling balls down inclined planes and not, as was once widely believed, by dropping different weights from the Leaning Tower of Pisa. These and other observations received definitive treatment in his Discorsi e dimostrazioni matematiche intorno a due nuove scienzi attenenti alla, meccanica (Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences…) which was completed in 1634 and first printed in 1638. This work also included Galileo's proof that the path of a projectile was a parabola and, most importantly, the development of the concept of inertia.
    In astronomy Galileo adopted the Copernican heliocentric theory of the universe while still in his twenties, but he lacked the evidence to promote it publicly. That evidence came with the invention of the telescope by the Dutch brothers Lippershey. Galileo heard of its invention in 1609 and had his own instrument constructed, with a convex object lens and concave eyepiece, a form which came to be known as the Galilean telescope. Galileo was the first to exploit the telescope successfully with a series of striking astronomical discoveries. He was also the first to publish the results of observations with the telescope, in his Sidereus nuncius (Starry Messenger) of 1610. All the discoveries told against the traditional view of the universe inherited from the ancient Greeks, and one in particular, that of the four satellites in orbit around Jupiter, supported the Copernican theory in that it showed that there could be another centre of motion in the universe besides the Earth: if Jupiter, why not the Sun? Galileo now felt confident enough to advocate the theory, but the advance of new ideas was opposed, not for the first or last time, by established opinion, personified in Galileo's time by the ecclesiastical authorities in Rome. Eventually he was forced to renounce the Copernican theory, at least in public, and turn to less contentious subjects such as the "two new sciences" of his last and most important work.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1610, Sidereus nuncius (Starry Messenger); translation by A.Van Helden, 1989, Sidereus Nuncius, or the Sidereal Messenger; Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    1623, Il Saggiatore (The Assayer).
    1632, Dialogo sopre i due massimi sistemi del mondo, tolemaico e copernicano (Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, Ptolemaic and Copernican); translation, 1967, Berkeley: University of California Press.
    1638, Discorsi e dimostrazioni matematiche intorno a due nuove scienzi attenenti alla
    meccanica (Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences…); translation, 1991, Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books (reprint).
    Further Reading
    G.de Santillana, 1955, The Crime of Galileo, Chicago: University of Chicago Press; also 1958, London: Heinemann.
    H.Stillman Drake, 1980, Galileo, Oxford: Oxford Paperbacks. M.Sharratt, 1994, Galileo: Decisive Innovator, Oxford: Blackwell.
    J.Reston, 1994, Galileo: A Life, New York: HarperCollins; also 1994, London: Cassell.
    A.Fantoli, 1994, Galileo: For Copemicanism and for the Church, trans. G.V.Coyne, South Bend, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Galilei, Galileo

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